Tuberculosis risk factors. Frequency of testing depends on a person's risk factors.

Tuberculosis risk factors Dec 1, 2021 · Screening for TB risk factors should be performed before any immunosuppressing therapy is given, but it is especially important before therapy with immunomodulating biological agents, such as monoclonal antibodies against TNF-α. High Risk for TB. Children also have a higher risk for TB if they: Live with family members or other adults who have risk factors for TB Oct 31, 2024 · In a prospective study of 199 patients with TB in Malawi, 12 (6%) died. We found sputum AFB smear positivity, lung cavity, a history of TB and a history of anti-TB therapy were significant risk factors for MDR-TB, independent of the setting. Find out the factors that increase your risk of being exposed to or developing TB, such as travel, living conditions, and immune system. The bacteria spreads through respiratory particles and tends to cause tuberculosis in people with risk factors such as undernourishment, HIV/AIDS, smoking, and existing chronic conditions. 6. TB is 200-500x more common in AIDS population than general population; CD4 count Increased risk when <500; Determines the clinical and radiographic Risk factors for exposure to TB (eg, people who have immigrated within 5 years from high-risk areas, indigent patients, IV drug users, selected health care practitioners such as respiratory therapists and practitioners working with high-risk populations) Risk factors for development of active TB (eg, HIV infection or other impaired immunity Dec 10, 2024 · Risk factors. Correctional facilities are places with increased risk for TB because of several factors. Appendix A Dec 21, 2023 · Multidrug-resistant TB disease (MDR TB) is caused by germs that are resistant to two or more of the main TB medicines: isoniazid and rifampin. Risk factors for TB People at risk for TB fall into two broad categories: People who are at higher risk of exposure Known risk factors associated with TB include positive HIV status, diabetes, smoking, poverty, close contact history and alcohol use [11, 12]. This is called inactive TB. Los Angeles County Department of Public Health Tuberculosis Control Program 123 W Manchester Blvd, Inglewood, CA 90301 Phone: (213) 745-0800 Fax: (213) 749-0926 See Tuberculosis Risk Factors for progression from Latent to Active Disease Latent Tuberculosis progresses to Active Tuberculosis in up to 5 to 10% of cases Risks for progression include Immunosuppression , Diabetes Mellitus , IV Drug Abuse , low body weight and age <5 years old Apr 29, 2024 · Addressing comorbidities and risk factors for tuberculosis (TB) is a crucial component of the World Health Organization (WHO)’s End TB Strategy. Pre-XDR and XDR TB are rare types of TB disease that are resistant Oct 15, 2024 · Globally, tuberculosis (TB) is the leading infectious cause of morbidity and mortality, with the risk of infection affected by both individual and ecological-level factors. Aug 21, 2024 · Identifying risk factors for tuberculosis, such as close contact with TB patients, a weakened immune system, and low quality living conditions, is essential for effective prevention. As shown in Table 5 , the differences in the incidences of MDR-TB patients among different categories were statistically significant in the marital status, smoking, site of TB, family Age ≥45 years, HIV+ status, excessive alcohol use within the past 12 months, ESRD, and abnormal chest radiographs were independent risk factors for EPTB mortality during TB treatment. It is a disease that mainly affects the lungs and airways. People at risk for TB fall into two broad categories: People who are at higher risk of exposure to TB bacteria. We aimed to determine the prevalence of Nov 11, 2024 · These findings send us valuable insights, suggesting that improving education levels, increasing per capita income, and enhancing healthcare conditions are crucial strategies for reducing the burden of tuberculosis. Routine exploration of risk factors, such as a prior TB history, known contacts with exposure, country of origin, foreign travel, family history, occupational and residential exposures, immunosuppression, and immunocompromised status, are key components of the history. California Adult Tuberculosis Risk Assessment and User Guide (August 2024 version) (PDF) California Pediatric Tuberculosis Risk Assessment and User Guide (August 2024 version) (PDF) California Tuberculosis School Staff and Volunteer Risk Assessment, User Guide, Certificate of Completion, and FAQs (PDF) Mar 25, 2024 · Before you would be able to spread TB to others, you would have to breathe in TB germs and become infected. People with TB also have a higher risk of mental health disorders. Jan 6, 2025 · The CDC and the U. While the lifetime risk for reactivation among otherwise healthy individuals with documented LTBI is quoted as approximately 5% to 15% ,, various comorbidities and risk factors are associated with increased risk and hence elevated rates of developing active TB. In 2021 [UKHSA, 2023]: People born outside the UK had a TB incidence rate approximately 18 times higher than people born in the UK. What are the risk factors for tuberculosis? Tuberculosis – a bacterial infection that mostly affects the lungs – is transmitted through tiny droplets in the air. Children younger than 5 years of age are at high risk for developing TB disease once infected with M. The risk factors contributing to acquiring TB infection are social and behavioral risk factors that include smoking, alcohol, khat chewing, and indoor air pollution. The random-effects model was used to determine pooled odds ratios (ORs) and Prevalence, risk factors and risk perception of tuberculosis infection among medical students and healthcare workers in Johannesburg, South Africa. Key risk factors and comorbidities such as HIV infection, diabetes, malnutrition, tobacco and substance use disorders drive the global TB epidemic and are associated with poorer TB treatment outcomes. When someone with TB disease of the lung coughs, sneezes, laughs, or sings, TB bacteria get into the air. People with inactive TB are infected with TB germs, but they do not have active TB disease. Oct 2, 2024 · In order to effectively combat the urgent threat of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB), it is imperative to gain a comprehensive understanding of the drug-resistant profiles, transmission dynamics, and associated risk factors. You have a higher risk of being exposed to TB germs if you Besides M. If you are infected with TB germs, and if your body cannot stop TB germs from growing, you develop active TB disease. Niños menores de 5 años de edad que tienen un resultado positivo en la prueba de la tuberculosis. 9 People with comorbidities (people with certain chronic diseases) like diabetes, cancer 2019, new TB cases were 6. The question is not what level should be targeted in public health interventions: proximate risk factors or upstream determinants, individuals or societies, biomedical or structural factors, or pills or poverty reduction strategies. Tuberculosis is spread from human to human through the release of droplets from the lungs or airways of an infected person. Feb 15, 2024 · Tuberculosis (TB) is a contagious airborne disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, a bacterium that grows and divides inside of cells. Comorbidities include: conditions and medications that lower the immune system including HIV, diabetes and tumor necrosis factor-alpha inhibitor. Live or used to live in large group settings where TB is more common, such as homeless shelters, prisons, or jails Mar 7, 2024 · Risk factors Anyone can get TB. Nov 5, 2024 · Diabetes, smoking, HIV, and pregnancy are among the most common medical and social risk factors for TB disease in the U. Dec 8, 2021 · All adults and children should have an assessment of risk factors for M. In 2021, diabetes mellitus (23. Fennelly KP, Nardell EA. In 2020, diabetes mellitus (22. Five are health-related risk factors for TB and six are broader socioeconomic determinants; the other 3 indicators, for UHC and current health expenditures, are covered in Section 6. Live or used to live in large group settings where TB is more common, such as homeless shelters, prisons, or jails Personas que han inmigrado desde regiones del mundo con altas tasas de tuberculosis. Dec 10, 2024 · Anyone can get tuberculosis (TB), but some groups have a higher risk for TB than others. People who are at higher risk of developing TB disease once infected with TB bacteria May 8, 2024 · Testing for TB infection is a routine and integral part of health care for patients with increased risk for TB. Grupos con altas tasas de transmisión de tuberculosis, tales como personas que viven en la calle, usuarios de drogas inyectables y personas con infección por Oct 28, 2024 · Tuberculosis (TB) is an ancient disease and the second leading cause of death among infectious diseases. You can get TB even if you received the TB vaccine (also known as bacille Calmette-Guérin or BCG vaccine). The tuberculosis (TB) epidemic is strongly influenced by broader social and economic development as well as (often interrelated) risk factors more specially linked to health, such as alcohol use disorders, diabetes, HIV infection, smoking and smoking and undernourishment. There is a particularly clear relationship between TB incidence and undernutrition and gross domestic product (GDP) per capita . . 1. Jan 1, 2013 · The risk of progression from exposure to the tuberculosis bacilli to the development of active disease is a two-stage process governed by both exogenous and endogenous risk factors. Collaborative TB/HIV activities and Dec 10, 2024 · Not everyone infected with TB germs becomes sick. Aborigines have a higher than average prevalence of predisposing risk factors for TB such as renal failure, diabetes, alcohol abuse, and smoking. 202) are high among patients with type 2 diabetes (E11. Oct 25, 2021 · TB disease is a serious health threat, especially for persons with diabetes. The most potent risk factor is human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Tuberculosis (TB) is a reportable disease in Oklahoma. Methods This study used secondary data on tuberculosis incidence and Dec 10, 2024 · Tuberculosis (TB) occurs throughout the world, but is more common in some countries than in the United States. Some factors increase the risk of TB reactivation and Apr 29, 2022 · Risk factors for TB drug resistance. Anyone can get TB. View in. Two more serious forms of MDR TB are called pre-extensively drug-resistant TB (pre-XDR TB) and extensively drug-resistant TB (XDR TB). Frequency of testing depends on a person's risk factors. Analyzing the current major risk factors for TB is crucial for countries to effectively prevent and control this RISK FACTORS FOR TUBERCULOSIS REACTIVATION. However, other parts of the body can be affected. Poverty is also associated with poor general health knowledge and a lack of empowerment to act on health knowledge, which leads to risk of exposure to several tuberculosis risk factors, such as HIV, smoking and alcohol abuse. This could range from one-time only testing among persons at low risk for future TB exposure to annual testing among those at continued risk of exposure. 2 Within 12 months prior to TB diagnostic evaluation. This study aimed to analyze the spatial and temporal characteristics of the incidence of tuberculosis and its risk factors and to predict future trends in the incidence of Tuberculosis. Jun 15, 2017 · Risk factors increasing the exposure to the TB bacilli include crowding and poor ventilation in environments with a person with infectious TB. 1% of the TB cases reported in the United States occurred among persons who identified as racial and ethnic minorities. When they occur in people with TB, health-related risk factors are also considered But some TB strains might also favor latency as an evolved trait that fosters survival, says Christopher Dye, an epidemiologist in the WHO Stop TB Department and coauthor of “Expanding the Global Tuberculosis Control Paradigm: The Role of TB Risk Factors and Social Determinants,” a chapter in the forthcoming WHO report Priority Public Mar 1, 2024 · About Signs and Symptoms Causes and Spread Vaccine Testing for Tuberculosis Exposure Risk Factors Prevention View All March 1, 2024 What You Need to Know About Tuberculosis Fact Sheet Dec 10, 2024 · Additionally, a range of social, economic, and demographic factors affect a person’s risk for TB disease. Our study encompassed a population-based retrospective analysis with 130 MDR-TB patients from 2018 to 2021. A total of 1. Tuberculosis (TB) is an infection that usually affects the lungs. (1,4, 5, 6 ) Risk factors for tuberculosis (TB) infection include: Being born in high prevalence areas (defined as more than 40 cases per 100,000 population per year). Numerous advances have been made in our understanding of the epidemiology, risk factors, and pathophysiology of tuberculosis, and new diagnostics and treatment for all forms of tuberculosis infection and disease are appearing on the horizon. It is a living document and will include a separate section for each of the key TB Main bovine tuberculosis risk factors classified into animal, herd and region/country levels. This study was conducted to identify ecological Risk factors that seem to be of importance at the population level include poor living and working conditions associated with high risk of TB transmission, and factors that impair the host's defence against TB infection and disease, such as HIV infection, malnutrition, smoking, diabetes, alcohol abuse, and indoor air pollution. Methods A systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted for identifying factors independently predicting MDR-TB. Exogenous factors play a key role in accentuating the progression from exposure to infection among which the bacillary … Dec 22, 2024 · The diagnosis is often challenging when patients present with extrapulmonary TB. 202) is diabetes [67,68], and the incidence and prevalence of pulmonary tuberculosis (A16. A review is needed to explore risk factors for TB in Indonesia as the key strategies for accelerating the TB preventive program. Well-established risk factors in the occurrence of TB in the pediatric group are HIV positivity, older age and close contact with a known case of TB. Contact your state or local TB program for more information. Learn more about risk factors, symptoms, prevention, and treatment. Dec 10, 2024 · Anyone can get tuberculosis (TB), but some people are at higher risk than others. The risk of infection, especially the risk of serious infection, increases with age and predisposes to reactivation of TB , the reasons being that increased susceptibility in elderly people include immunosenescence, various anatomical and physiological changes linked to ageing, as well as malnutrition and comorbidities. The purpose of Mar 16, 2018 · Most of the immune determinants that drive this pandemic constitute risk factors, which could be modified in order to impact positively on global TB control. Risk factors for the development of primary drug resistance include patient contact with drug-resistant contagious TB, residence in areas with a high prevalence of drug-resistant M tuberculosis, birth outside the United States, ethnicity other than non-Hispanic white, young age, human immunodeficiency virus Controlling tuberculosis (TB) determinant factors in Indonesia is one way to control TB in the community. 10 If prophylaxis is provided for all LTBI patients, it will result in an enormous waste of resources and increase the likelihood of anti-TB drug resistance. 3 At the time of TB diagnostic evaluation. [Google Scholar] 62. Module 6: tuberculosis and comorbidities summarize the latest WHO recommendations on TB and key comorbidities. Jan 30, 2023 · Risk factors for tuberculosis include anything that weakens a person’s immune system or puts someone in frequent, close contact with a person who has active TB. tuberculosis was increased in children living in a region endemic for tuberculosis, and that parental smoking was significantly associated with the risk of active tuberculosis, even after having been adjusted for associated factors. Substance use can also present a barrier to TB diagnosis and treatment, which increases a person’s infectiousness and the risk of spreading TB to others. Analysis of TB risk factors includes both comorbid conditions and social and occupational risk factors. This is called inactive TB or latent TB infection. 82,83 Most of the adult patients in these studies This work examined risk factors for MDR-TB based on demographics, bad living habits, complications and TB-related features. This is because HIV weakens the immune system, which makes it harder for the body to fight TB germs. 43 Rather, the opportunity for the TB community is to best use knowledge about TB, from molecular biology to What is Known: • Knowledge of the risk factors of a disease is of utmost importance in the planning and institution of its control measures. Other significant health-related risk factors for TB disease include silicosis and disorders due to drug use. The epidemiologic risk factors identified by multivariate analyses provide new information that may be useful to health professionals in managing patients with Dec 10, 2024 · Conditions that can increase risk. There's a vaccine that helps protect some people who are at risk from TB. Worldwide, TB has probably returned to being the world’s leading cause of death from a single infectious agent, following three years in which it was replaced by coronavirus disease (COVID-19). TB meningitis (TB disease of the brain) may cause headache or confusion. People with HIV are more likely than people without HIV to become sick with active TB disease. TB continues to affect Black or African American persons a higher rate than other groups. Sep 1, 2022 · One of the risk factors for tuberculosis (A16. Tuberculosis is caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis. S Afr Med J 2013; 103:853–7. Among the relevant risk factors for TB, HIV infection is the most important, however, at the population level, diabetes mellitus (DM), malnutrition, tobacco smoking, and even Nov 3, 2017 · Risk factors also vary by socioeconomic status, as illustrated for India. But people at higher risk for TB fall into two categories. tuberculosis exposure and risk factors for progression from LTBI to tuberculosis disease at least once as a component of Oct 31, 2024 · This table describes the number of cases with tuberculosis (TB) disease and the following medical risk factors: diabetes, post-organ transplantation, TNF-α inhibitors, end-state renal disease, viral hepatitis, or other immunocompromised condition or therapy by origin of birth, ethnicity, and race in the United States in 2023. If you are at risk for TB, talk with your health care provider about getting tested. Regions with Mar 6, 2024 · Learn how TB germs can cause active or inactive TB disease, and how they spread through the air from one person to another. Mar 25, 2022 · TB is exclusively transmitted based on environmental and personal associated risk factors. Achieving global targets for reductions in TB disease burden requires progress in addressing these determinants. Worldwide, TB is one of the leading causes of death among people with HIV. Exogenous factors play a key role in accentuating the progression There are a number risk factors for tuberculosis infection; worldwide the most important of these is HIV. 9%) was the most commonly reported medical risk factor among persons with TB disease (TB Risk Factors by Origin and Race/Ethnicity: 2021 and TB Risk Factors: Reporting Areas, 2021). Jun 28, 2023 · Tuberculosis prevention strategies include avoiding high risk situations and treating latent TB infections. The TB epidemic is attributable to five main health-related risk factors globally, namely, diabetes mellitus (diabetes), HIV, smoking, undernutrition, and disorders due to alcohol use. 951) [69]. Disseminated tuberculosis; Looks like millet seeds; Seen in patients with comorbid AIDS Check HIV in patients suspected of TB; PPD is positive in only 50% of cases; Special Populations. People who are at high risk for developing TB disease once infected with . S. Learn about other factors, such as hepatitis, substance use, homelessness, and occupations, and how they affect TB infection and progression. 2. This could range from one-time only testing Oct 30, 2024 · Risk factors. It can be treated with antibiotics but can be serious if not treated. AIDS. Testing for TB infection should be a routine and integral part of health care for patients with increased risk for TB. Racial and ethnic disparities. The aim of this review was to provide a tool for scientists and sanitary authorities involved in the fight against bTB in order to guide them on specific topics that would help eradicate and control bTB. Generally, groups at high risk fall into two broad categories (Table 1): 1. Oct 30, 2024 · Risk factors. 3 This topic has been the subject of many small adult studies. Feb 15, 2005 · Undernutrition is an important risk factor for developing active disease. Common symptoms include: Dec 20, 2023 · Risk factors. 32 Therefore, the effects of passive smoking are Nov 29, 2022 · TB disease is a serious health threat, especially for persons with diabetes. TB germs can live in the body without making you sick. 3 Jun 16, 2022 · Background Since multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) is a significant public health problem worldwide, identifying associated risk factors is critical for developing appropriate control strategies. If you were born in or frequently travel to places where TB disease is common, you are at a greater risk of being exposed to TB germs. Jan 21, 2015 · Background Slow decline in the incidence of tuberculosis (TB) has been observed in most high TB burden countries. These conditions include HIV infection, extremes of age, diabetes, alcohol, severe malnutrition and anti-tumour necrosis alpha factor (TNF-α 6. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) recommend testing people who are at higher risk for TB infection. guidelines, a health-related risk factor is defined as a condition or action that increases the risk of TB disease (2). Feb 12, 2013 · Studies from Canada and Australia have shown that indigenous or aborigines are at a higher risk of TB than the nonaborigines [136 – 138]. Anyone can get TB, but you might have a higher risk for TB if you: Were born in or frequently travel to countries where TB is common, including some countries in Asia, Africa, and Latin America. Jan 19, 2024 · Tuberculosis (TB), a highly infectious disease, primarily affects the lungs. However with the exception of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) the prevalence of the other TB risk factors are poorly studied in Uganda. The most common risk factors that decrease immune defences include tobacco smoke and other types of air pollutants, HIV infection, malnutrition, alcoholism, diabetes, silicosis and immuno-depressive Oct 29, 2024 · Key facts. Learn more about TB risk factors, vaccines, and more. In Eastern and Southern Africa, HIV is Dec 10, 2024 · TB testing activities should be done only when there is a plan for follow-up care to evaluate and treat all individuals diagnosed with latent TB infection or TB disease. tuberculosis bacilli, other factors that contribute to TB incidence are all the conditions that could alter host cellular immunity, and therefore, increase the risk of developing active TB. If you are at risk for TB infection, talk to your health care provider about getting tested. Risk factors for mortality were reduced baseline TNF-α response to stimulation (with heat-killed Mtb), low body mass index, and elevated respiratory rate at TB diagnosis. Because of their age, infants and young children with inactive TB have been infected with TB germs recently and are at higher risk for developing active TB disease. 6 million in 2022, which has increased from 10. The relative efficacy of respirators and room ventilation in preventing occupational tuberculosis. TB is an infectious disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which usually affects the lungs. Only 5%–10% of screen-test-positive patients will develop active TB in the future. In 2023, 90. 3 TB determinants. M. Conversely, TB and its treatment can complicate the management of some of these conditions. TB disease of the kidney may cause blood in the urine. Inactive TB. People at high risk for TB disease (once infected) fall into two categories: People who are taking certain medications or have health conditions such as diabetes, cancer, or HIV that may weaken their immune system; and Jan 2, 2024 · Background Despite the significant progress over the years, Tuberculosis remains a major public health concern and a danger to global health. Among other factors, some authors have suggested that co-infection (HIV infection) and childhood illnesses (cytomegalovirus, adenovirus, and other respiratory viruses) could increase the risk of TBI and the risk of progression to disease through the impact on the host immune response to M. The tuberculosis (TB) epidemic is strongly influenced by social and economic development and health-related risk factors such as undernourishment, diabetes, HIV infection, alcohol use disorders and smoking. Knowledge of the prevalence of different TB risk factors can help expand TB control strategies. TB disease of the spine may cause back pain. Dec 10, 2024 · Tuberculosis (TB) is a serious health threat, especially for people who live or work in correctional facilities. Mar 6, 2024 · Symptoms of active TB disease in other parts of the body depend on the area affected: TB disease of the lymph nodes may cause a firm red or purple swelling under the skin. When a person with active tuberculosis coughs, sneezes, or speaks, he or she sends these particles flying through the air. Anyone can get TB, but some people who have inactive TB are more likely to develop TB disease than others. Check if you have tuberculosis (TB) Symptoms of tuberculosis (TB) usually come on gradually. People at higher risk of being exposed to TB germs, and. Co-infection with HIV is a particular problem in Sub-Saharan Africa, due to the high incidence of HIV in these countries. The infection, which starts in the lungs, causes nodules known as tubercles, or Ghon focii, which are spots left by dead infected tissue. A recent study also showed that the risk of infection with M. As a result, two TB-related conditions exist: inactive TB (or latent TB infection) and active TB disease. Treatment of drug-susceptible pulmonary Nov 15, 2023 · It can have physiological effects that increase a person’s risk for TB but is often a proxy for other epidemiologically important factors that increase exposure to TB. The risk of progression from exposure to the tuberculosis bacilli to the development of active disease is a two-stage process governed by both exogenous and endogenous risk factors. People who are at high risk for exposure to or infection with . tuberculosis and/or by induced lung damage . 25 million people died from tuberculosis (TB) in 2023 (including 161 000 people with HIV). People at higher risk of developing active TB disease once infected with TB germs. While infection with Mtb is a risk for people of any economic stratum, the data from India indicate that some known risk factors for TB are greatest in the lowest socioeconomic group, a finding likely to be true for most populations. Oct 31, 2024 · 1 Percentages calculated based on the number of persons who have information available for each risk factor. While systematic reviews on individual-level factors exist, there are currently limited studies examining ecological-level factors associated with TB incidence and mortality. The global incidence is estimated to be 10. Apr 2, 2019 · A case control study was carried out to assess the risk factors of TB and cases were newly registered bacteriologically confirmed pulmonary TB patients with age greater than 15 years who present at twenty health centres in Addis Ababa that are selected for the study in consultation with Addis Ababa Health Bureau, while controls were age and sex Globally, tuberculosis (TB) remains a significant cause of ill health and is a leading cause of death due to an infectious agent (1). tuberculosis. 5%) was the most commonly reported medical risk factor for TB (TB Risk Factors, by Origin and Race/Ethnicity: 2020 and TB Risk Factors: Reporting Areas, 2020). It is important to identify how these risk factors affect TB patients in the Sri Lankan context, as this has not been explored so far. These consolidated guidelines on tuberculosis. Treatment of drug-susceptible pulmonary tuberculosis in nonpregnant adults with HIV infection: Initiation of therapy. Risk factors. The tuberculosis (TB) epidemic is strongly influenced by broader social and economic development as well as (often interrelated) risk factors more specifially linked to health, such as nutritional status, diabetes, HIV infection, alcohol use disorders and smoking. The global tuberculosis situation is dire, but now is also a time of great promise and discovery for the disease. Tuberculosis: Risk factors and Research, WHO estimates, 2020 It is important to raise the fact that, in the African Region in attributable to five risk factors, namely: malnutrition (41%), followed by HIV(36%), Alcohol abuse (12%), Tobacco (6%), and diabetes (5%), in that order. Several factors contribute to the higher rates of TB among Black or African American persons. Anyone can get infected with TB germs, but you might have a higher risk if you: Were born in or frequently travel to countries where TB is common, including those in Asia, Africa, and Latin America. To investigate the risk factors affecting the occurrence of MDR-TB patients in Liberia, a univariate analysis was performed on TB patients admitted in 2015. dnb obovn kuqfb txzer lmqrjx ismk paib gchbwjlt spxi uoza